Do we know why gnome is making outbound connections to these IP addresses? What features are used by those connections? Can we enable/disable those connections? Are there any docs describing these?
Do you have the Flathub repository enabled? The download servers of Flathub are, to my knowledge, provided by the Fastly CDN. If this is the case, its likely that the connections go to the Flathub servers to load the database for installable apps and their metadata, to be displayed in GNOME Software.
Flatpak GUI apps are managed by GNOME Software via plugin for ease of use (compared to flatpak command). The plugin is optional and can be disabled if needed.