No, there is no API for it. There’s an issue open for adding a relocatability API to GLib, but nobody is working on it. You’re welcome to open a merge request.
This use case is what you’d use GResources for: embed your resources into the binary (or in an ancillary file in a well-known location, for languages that do not have the concept of embedding data into a binary), and load them automatically into the program at execution time, addressing them via special paths.