The closest thing is literally the GNOME Calendar code base, and that’s not available as a library.
Calendars are not really generic widgets and data structures; they are incredibly complicated pieces of machinery, and extracting them from the application to which they belong usually leads to bad compromises, or a very small functional surface.
As said by @ebassi, there is no calendar library. But Gtk has a calendar widget (Gtk.Calendar) that can do a lot of basic stuff. You might use it and add extra functionality as needed.
It’s not meant for that, indeed, and it very likely won’t ever be.
Calendar and events UI controls are fairly complicated and they end up depending on fairly complex libraries, like libical, to deal with time. GTK is not going to depend on that.